Native americans and mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed. The plant is native to western asia, the middle east, and central asia, from egypt to iran and india. Ephedra foliata is found in drier tracts of plains of rajasthan, haryana and punjab. Ephedra grass is grown and cultivated in many parts of china and india on governmentowned farms. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and. May 18, 2015 instrumentation and chromatographic conditions. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death ma huang has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 5 millennia. This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus ephedra family ephedraceae. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp.
Wes siegner, legal counsel for the ephedra education council. Ephedra can cause severe lifethreatening or disabling conditions in some people. Sidney wolfe, director of public citizens health research group. People have used ephedra for centuries in china for colds, fever, flu, headaches, asthma, nasal congestion, and wheezing. It was originally described by joseph decaisne in 1834 and placed in section alatae, post a comment about this plant. The naked seeds are the features, which places ephedra with the classical group, the gymnosperms. Shrubs with small deciduous leaves and green stems, erect or prostrate, to about 3 ft 0.
An ephedra foliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga ephedra, ngan familia nga ephedraceae. Ephedra altissima highclimbing jointfir ephedra antisyphilitica. Ephedra tavis smiley speaks with nprs snigdha prakash. The ephedra industry says nobodys proven what caused the military deaths, and its own scientific studies show. Purpose of assessment the federal office of consumer protection and food safety bvl, in collaboration with the als working party on dietary foods, nutrition and classification issues, has compiled a hit list of 10 substances, the consumption of which may pose a health risk. The plants database includes the following 19 species of ephedra. Herbs known to contain caffeine include green tea, kola nut, guarana and yerba mate, while bitter orange is a stimulant. There is also a buyers guide to find the best ephedra pills for you and your needs. Ephedra foliata, with the common name shrubby horsetail, is a species of ephedra the plant is native to north africa, and southwest asia, from morocco and mauritania east to turkmenistan, pakistan, and punjab state in india. Stapf ephedra macedonica kosanin homonyms ephedra foeminea forssk.
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. Ephedra containing dietary supplements are currently banned in the united states. Ginklasipika han iucn an species komo diri gud kababarakan. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major, ephedra distachya subsp. The plant is native to western asia, the middle east, and central asia, from egypt to. Some dozen or so species occur in the western united states, with three ephedra viridis, ephedra cutleri, ephedra torreyana common in the four corners area.
Ephedra foliata, with the common name shrubby horsetail, is a species of ephedra. Since then, i have been put on all kinds of strong medications that have side effects and that i do not like. Easily share your publications and get them in front of issuus. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. Ephedra foliata, with the common name shrubby horsetail, is a species of ephedra the plant is native to north africa, and southwest asia, from morocco and mauritania east to turkmenistan, pakistan, and punjab state in india taxonomy. Ephedra should not be combined with other substances with a stimulant effect, such as caffeine and sudafed pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, as it may have an additive effect. This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus ephedra family ephedraceae the record derives from wcsp data supplied on 20120323 which reports it as an accepted name record 332926 with original publication details. Stems pale green, yellowing with age, with many longitudinal grooves, internode length 15 cm. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. About 18 species occur in the old world and about 22 in the new world. Green ephedra is a dioecious, scraggly shrub rarely more than 60 cm to 150 cm high. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. Seu uso medicinal esta documentado desde ha cinco mil anos na china, onde esta erva e conhecida pelo nome ma huang.
Ephedra is an evergreen shrublike plant native to central asia, and mongolia. Dosages of ephedra more than 32 mgday have resulted in adverse reactions. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america. A component uplc system acquity uplc hclass consisted of a pump, vacuum degasser, reservoir of the mobile phase, a thermostatedauto sampler, a thermostated column compartment, pda e. Although ephedrine alkaloids are not detectable in new world species of ephedra, together with asian species they contain other nitrogencontaining secondary metabolites with known neuropharmacological activity. Jul 18, 2015 the aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major, ephedra distachya subsp. Witkamp, in comprehensive natural products ii, 2010. The thermogenic properties of ephedrine are mainly due to its action as a sympathicomimetic compound. Asian ephedra have been used recently in the clandestine manufacture of a street drug, methamphetamine. Legal alternatives to ephedra much of the ephedra has been discontinued however there is one product that is marketed for asthma that is still allowed to contain it. Rowley stockholm university botany department s 106 91 stockholm sweden abstract the pollen wall of ephedrafoliata was examined by lm, sem and tem. Meyer is a research ecologist at the usda forest services rocky mountain research station, shrub sciences laboratory,provo utah table 1ephedra,ephedra.
Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form. Meaning, reproduction and economic importance gnetales. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. They are distributed in dry parts of punjab, haryana, rajasthan, kashmir and sikkim. Ephedra contains several additional alkaloids that undergo analogous reductions to form amphetamine and n,ndimethylamphetamine also drugs of abuse. Many years ago i used ephedra ma huang for mental clarity, not for weight loss. Jul 17, 2019 ephedra ephedra sinica is an herb with a long history of use in traditional chinese medicine for asthma, bronchitis, allergies, and cold and flu symptoms. The text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attribution license version 3. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant ephedra sinica. In india, it is represented by 6 species namely ephedra foliata, e. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adverse events have been documented in case reports. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death.
Leaves up to 101540 mm long including the ciliate sheath. These side effects might be more likely if ephedra is used in high doses or longterm. Browse pictures and read growth cultivation information about ephedra ephedra alata supplied by member gardeners in the plantfiles database at daves garden. Ephedra gerardiana is a perennial herb with few leaves that is composed primarily of fibrous stalks. Checklist eflora home people search help actkey hu cards glossary eflora home people search help actkey hu cards glossary. The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. The ephedra plant has been identified as an excellent source of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, both of which can be chemically reduced to form the widely abused illicit drug methamphetamine.
Ephedra use is linked to high blood pressure, heart attacks, muscle disorders, seizures, strokes, irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness, and death. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Dec 05, 2002 ephedra nixed by army, but not by fda. Ephedra sinica or mahuang is an evergreen shrub native to central asia. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine. It gives forth small yellow flowers directly from these stalks, as well as round, red, edible fruits that ripen in autumn. Leaves opposite, only mm long, bases membranous, brown, becoming gray with age.
China is the worlds largest exporter of bulk ephedrine. Ephedra is widespread and sporadic in distribution in arid regions of tropics and sub tropics of northern and southern hemisphere. Ephedra the ephedra family, ephedraceae, has but one genus, ephedra. Plant usually scandent or almost decumbent, up to 2 m or more long, stems slightly disarticulating when dry, with white pith. Ephedra ephedra sinica plant profiler sigmaaldrich. This category contains the fat burners with ephedra in them if youre uncertain how these supplements are still legal and on the market, then read our massive guide to ephedra on our blog. Ephedra species ephedra foeminea name synonyms ephedra campylopoda c. The microsporophylls are similar to the stamens of the flowering plant. The ephedra industry says nobodys proven what caused the military deaths, and its.
Mar 18, 2017 issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang as determined by high performance liquid chromatography b. Ephedra profile ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products. The uplcuv analysis was performed using and modifying the parameters published by gurley et al. Gardner contribution from departments of pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice, college of pharmacy, university of arkansas for medical sciences, 4301 west markham street, slot 522, little. Aug 05, 2019 ephedra containing supplements are banned for sale in the united states. Some people who think ephedra helped them lose weight are looking to new herbs and natural extracts to replace the banned dietary supplement. Pollen wall of ephedra foliata gamal elghazaly swedish museum of natural history palynological laboratory s 104 05 stockholm sweden john r. Several additional species belonging to the genus ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of indoiranian religion. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra. It was prescribed for me by a chinese herbal doctor. Ephedra viridis is the most common ephedra in our area, but any one of the three.
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